ITALY: VENETO: TREVISO
ונציה
- מידע כללי || היהודים
בונציה || History
of the Jewish Ghetto in Venice || Synagogues
|| Jewish Community
Contact Info || Kosher
Establishments || Jewish
Cemetery || Hotels||
Venice -
Jewish History
|| טרויזו
- כללי || טרויזו
- יהודים || Venice
and the Jews - The Treviso Connection ||
Venice Acquires Treviso || Treviso
Helpful links ||
TREVISO -
טרויזו -
טרויסוtrevisoklali
טרויזו,
עיר בצפון
מזרח
איטליה.
פרנסתה על
החקלאות
האינטנסיבית
שבסביבתה
ועל תעשייה
קלה. העיר
העתיקה של
טרויזו
שמרה על
אופייה
מימי
הביניים.
רחובותיה
צרים
ועקלקלים.
כנסייתה
המרכזית
נבנתה
במאות ה 11 - 12.
נשתמרו בה
כמה
ארמונות
ובתי
עשירים
מהמאות ה 13 - 16.
בעיר
שמורות כמה
תמונות של
ציירים
מפורסמים,
ובכללם
טיציאנו.
טרויזו כבר
היתה קיימת
בתקופה
הרומית
ונקראה בשם
טארויזיום.
ב 776 היתה
לבירתה של
נסיכות ספר
בממלכתו של
קארולוס
הגדול. ב 1339
נפלה בידי
ונציה, ויחד
עימה ב 1797
היתה בידי
אוסטריה. מ 1866
היא בתחום
איטליה.
במלחמת
העולם
השנייה
ניזוקה
הרבה
מהפצצות
מהאויר
טרויזו,
יהודים
יהודי
טרויזו
נזכרים
לראשונה ב 905.
בנקים
יהודיים
הוקמו בעיר
בסוף המאה ה
13. בסוף המאה
ה 15 נזכרים בה
בית כנסת
חדש, ישיבה
ומקווה,
ונתפרסמה
שיטת אחזקת
העניים
שנהגה בה. ב 1496
הוכרחו
יהודי
טרויזו
לוותר על
העיסוק
בריבית, כדי
למנוע את
גירושם. עם
כיבוש
טרויזו על
ידי צבאות
ברית קמברה,
בשנת 1509 , פרצו
מהומות,
ורוב בתי
היהודים
נהרסו.
באותה שנה
גורשו
היהודים
מטרויזו.
הצו אף נחקק
על עמודי
שיש בכיכר
העיר.
במחצית
השנייה של
המאה ה 19 שוב
נוסדה
בטרויזו
קהילה
יהודית
קטנה. אולם
כיום אין בה
קהילה |
|
מקור:
אנציקלופדיה
עברית, כרך י"ח,
עמוד 923 |
VENICE
AND THE JEWS (THE TREVISO CONNECTION...)
The Jewish community of Venice was created in the 1380s, when the
Jews of Treviso were invited to restore the city's finances.
In 1386, the city granted the Jews a stretch of land at San Niccolò
(the Lido) to be used as a cemetery.   
The oldest tombstone dates from 1389; from the seventeenth century,
family crests are used:
here the Levi family commemorate their role in washing the hands of
the Cohens, who bless
The expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Venice's defeat by the
League of Cambrai created large numbers of refugees, and the Jewish
population became useful for its medical, banking and commercial
skills. In 1516, the Council debated whether Jews should be allowed
to remain in the city. They decided to let the Jews remain, but
their residence would be confined to the Ghetto, an islet in the
parish of San Geremia. It was a squalid area where metals were gettate,
cast or founded, and where the Republic's iron and brass foundries
were located. Venice imposed a curfew on the Jewish community, and
required residents to wear identifying badges when outside the
Ghetto, a yellow circle or scarf. They were only allowed to leave
during the day and were locked inside at night. Jews were only
permitted to work at pawn shops, act as money lenders, work the
Hebrew printing press, trade in textiles or practice medicine.
Detailed banking laws kept their interest rates low
and made life difficult for many of the poor pawnbrokers and
moneylenders. The Jews were permitted to rent but not to own
real estate.
At the spiritual heart of the Ghetto were the synagogues, which
were known in Venice as scole, partly because their function
in some ways resembled that of the Christian confraternities (scuole)
as places of devotion, learning and charity. Originally there were
three scole, invisible from the street since the Republic
forbade the public expression of non-Christian worship. Because
space in the Ghetto was limited, buildings there rose as high as
nine storeys. Over the years the number of scole in the
Ghetto increased to nine, of which five survive today..
Jews of Italian and German origin moved into the Ghetto, fleeing
persecution. Sephardic Jews from the Levant arrived in the Ghetto
Vecchio in 1541. Wealthy Spanish and Portugese Jews also arrived
during the sixteenth century, often recovering a sense of Jewishness
that had been lost by the Marrano communities of Iberia. These
communities retained separate identities within the Ghetto.
During the seventeenth century, the Jews of Venice extended their
control over Venetian maritime trade, participation in which had
been abandoned by the city's elite. Venetian Jewish physicians
served in the courts of France and Rome, under special exemptions,
and leading rabbis such as Simone Luzzato and Leon da Modena gained
international reputations through their writings. The Ghetto
was also home to many Kabbalists such as Rabbi Mosheh Zacuto, who
was active from 1645-1673. |
Source:
http://www.nd.edu/~dharley/HistIdeas/Venice.html
|
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Venice
Acquires Treviso |
For hundreds of years Venice remained an island
city-state without any territory on the Italian mainland that
adjoined her lagoon. The vast and powerful empire that she had
assembled all lay to the east: coastal cities and fortresses
throughout the eastern Mediterranean and along the southern coast of
the Black Sea and eastern coast of the Adriatic. Though a new empire
on the Italian mainland itself was perhaps inevitable, events there
began to unfold in a climate of danger and defense rather than
imperialistic fervor.
|
In the early years of the 1300s the Della Scala
family, rulers of Verona, a city-state lying about fifty miles west
of the Venetian lagoon, had begun an aggressive expansion of their
territory. Vicenza, Feltre, Belluno all fell before their forces. They
captured Padua--just 25 miles from Venice--in September 1328 and in
July of the following
year seized Treviso, whose territory reached the shores
of the Venetian lagoon itself. To the west and south the Veronese
captured Brescia, Parma and Lucca. The rising tide of the Della
Scala empire threatened the survival of Venice as an independent
state.
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Nonetheless, Venice was reluctant to undertake a
military campaign on the mainland. Finally, seeing no alternative,
Venice launched a preemptive attack into Paduan territory in October
1336. Her initial success soon brought Milan, Mantua, Este and
Florence into a military alliance with her. By August of 1337 Padua
had been captured, and a peace treaty with the Della Scalas was
signed in the following January.
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The treaty ceded Padua, Treviso and their territories
to Venice. Cautious about how much territory she could effectively
control, and obligated to reward the Carrara family of Padua for its
assistance in the successful military campaign, the Venetians placed
Padua and the western portion of the Trevisan territory under
Carrara rule, subject to the nominal sovereignty of Venice.
|
At last Venice was a mainland empire as well as a
maritime power. However, more fighting lay ahead to retain the new
territory, because the Carraras of Padua were treacherous
allies who soon tested Venice's ability and resolve to remain on
the mainland. |
Source:
http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/treviso.html
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